在 tauri 中为 command 使用自定义错误
在 tauri 的 command 中返回的任何值都必须要是可以 Serialize
的,包括错误:Everything you return from commands must implement Serialize
use base64::DecodeError;
use serde::{Serialize, Serializer};
use thiserror::Error;
#[derive(Error, Debug)]
pub enum VError {
#[error("Request error: {0}")]
RequestFaild(#[from] reqwest::Error),
#[error("Decode error: {0}")]
DecodeError(#[from] DecodeError),
}
// https://github.com/tauri-apps/tauri/discussions/3913
impl Serialize for VError {
fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
where
S: Serializer,
{
serializer.serialize_str(self.to_string().as_ref())
}
}
pub type VResult<T, E = VError> = anyhow::Result<T, E>;
async 语句中使用 ?
async 语句块与 async fn 最大的不同就是前者无法显式的声明返回值,当配合 ?
使用的时候编译器就无法得知 Result<T, E>
中 E 的类型。
async fn foo() -> Result<u8, String> {
Ok(1)
}
async fn bar() -> Result<u8, String> {
Ok(1)
}
pub fn main() {
let fut = async {
foo().await?;
bar().await?;
Ok(())
};
}
这段代码会得到编译器 cannot infer type for type parameter E declared on the enum Result
的提示。原因在于编译器无法推断出 Result<T, E>
中的 E
的类型。
目前的解决办法就是使用 ::<...>
显式的添加类型注解,给予类型注释后此时编译器就知道 Result<T, E>
中的 E
的类型是 String
,进而成功通过编译。
let fut = async {
foo().await?;
bar().await?;
Ok::<(), String>(()) // 在这一行进行显式的类型注释
};
数组元素非基础类型
Rust 的数组类型是存储在栈内存中的,但是它也是可以存储非基础类型的值。不过它不可以使用这样的数组初始化语法:
let a = [3; 5];
let a = [3; 5];
的本质是 Rust 不断的 Copy 出来的,而非基本类型是无法深拷贝的。
正确的做法应该是使用 std::array::from_fn
。
fn main() {
let arr: [String; 6] = core::array::from_fn(|i| format!("Arr {}", i));
println!("{:?}", arr);
}
在 map 方法中使用 ?
在 map 方法中使用 Question mark 需要在 collect::<>()
方法中显示注解 Result<T, E>
let subscripition = subscripition
.split('\n')
.filter(|line| !line.is_empty())
.map(|line| {
let line = line.replace("vmess://", "");
let line = general_purpose::STANDARD.decode(line)?;
let line = String::from_utf8_lossy(&line).to_string();
Ok(serde_json::from_str::<Node>(&line)?)
})
.collect::<VResult<Vec<_>>>()?;
优雅的修改 Option 的内容
为 enum
实现静态字符串
#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub enum CoreStatus {
Started,
Restarting,
Stopped,
}
impl CoreStatus {
fn as_str(&self) -> &'static str {
match self {
CoreStatus::Started => "Started",
CoreStatus::Restarting => "Restarting",
CoreStatus::Stopped => "Stopped",
}
}
}
serde-rs deserialize string in json to number
use std::fmt::Display;
use std::str::FromStr;
use serde::de::{self, Deserialize, Deserializer};
#[derive(Deserialize, Eq, PartialEq, Debug)]
struct Test {
#[serde(deserialize_with = "from_str")]
test: u16
}
fn from_str<'de, T, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<T, D::Error>
where T: FromStr,
T::Err: Display,
D: Deserializer<'de>
{
let s = String::deserialize(deserializer)?;
T::from_str(&s).map_err(de::Error::custom)
}
serde deserialize multiple type
https://www.reddit.com/r/rust/comments/fcz4yb/how_do_you_deserialize_strings_integers_to_float/
fn de_str<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<i64, D::Error>
where
D: serde::de::Deserializer<'de>,
{
Ok(match Value::deserialize(deserializer)? {
Value::String(s) => s.parse().map_err(de::Error::custom)?,
Value::Number(num) => num.as_i64().ok_or(de::Error::custom("Invalide number"))?,
_ => return Err(de::Error::custom("wrong type")),
})
}
fn de_str_option<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Option<i64>, D::Error>
where
D: serde::de::Deserializer<'de>,
{
Ok(match Value::deserialize(deserializer)? {
Value::String(s) => s.parse().map(Some).map_err(de::Error::custom)?,
Value::Number(num) => num.as_i64(),
_ => return Err(de::Error::custom("wrong type")),
})
}
DerefMut 获取结构体多个字段 mut
在使用诸如 Arc<Mutex<T>>
的数据时,当获取到了锁的引用后,实际修改数据时,修改的是通过锁的 DerefMut
来修改其数据的。
let mut config = config.lock().await;
config.rua = "test";
而当数据中有多个字段需要分别获取为 mut
时,则编译器可能无法正确的认识到实际获取的是不同的字段,而非将目标数据获取了多次 mut
。
let mut config = config.lock().await;
let mut rua = &mut config.rua;
let mut core = config.core.as_mut().unwrap();
// cannot borrow `config` as mutable more than once at a time
这是因为 DerefMut
让编译器认为我们获取了两次 config
结构体为 mut
,而非它的两个不同的字段。最佳解决办法就是通过手动解引用来获取到实际的结构体,从而使得编译器能够正确的认识到引用到字段。
let mut config = config.lock().await;
let config = &mut *config;
let mut rua = &mut config.rua;
let mut core = config.core.as_mut().unwrap();
虽然自动解引用看上去获取的字段都是正确解引用的,但是编译器可能无法正确的识别到这两个字段是不同的。
![[Pasted image 20230730004909.png]]
这可能是因为 Mutex
使用的是 UnsafeCell<T>
来获取实际值的可修改引用。
pub struct Mutex<T: ?Sized> {
#[cfg(all(tokio_unstable, feature = "tracing"))]
resource_span: tracing::Span,
s: semaphore::Semaphore,
c: UnsafeCell<T>,
}
impl<T: ?Sized> DerefMut for MutexGuard<'_, T> {
fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
unsafe { &mut *self.lock.c.get() }
}
}
异步递归
在内部,async fn
创建了一个包含了要 .await
的子 Future
的状态机。这样递归的 async fn
有点诡异,因为结果的状态机必须包含它自身:
#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
async fn step_one() { /* ... */ }
async fn step_two() { /* ... */ }
struct StepOne;
struct StepTwo;
// This function:
async fn foo() {
step_one().await;
step_two().await;
}
// Generates a type like this:
enum Foo {
First(StepOne),
Second(StepTwo),
}
// So this function:
async fn recursive() {
recursive().await;
recursive().await;
}
// Generates a type like this:
enum Recursive {
First(Recursive),
Second(Recursive),
}
}
但是这将无法工作,因为我们创建了无限大小的类型
error[E0733]: recursion in an `async fn` requires boxing
--> src/lib.rs:1:22
|
1 | async fn recursive() {
| ^ an `async fn` cannot invoke itself directly
|
= note: a recursive `async fn` must be rewritten to return a boxed future.
为了允许这种做法,我们需要用 Box
来间接调用。而不幸的是,编译器限制意味着把 recursive()
的调用包裹在 Box::pin
并不够。为了让递归调用工作,我们必须把 recursive
转换成非 async
函数,然后返回一个 .boxed()
的异步块
use futures::future::{BoxFuture, FutureExt};
fn recursive() -> BoxFuture<'static, ()> {
async move {
recursive().await;
recursive().await;
}.boxed()
}
消耗一个异步 map
当一个迭代器中产出异步值的时候,除了使用 for 循环来在外部函数中 await 它,还可以使用 futures
crate 中的 try_join_all
。
use futures::future::try_join_all;
#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
let urls = ["https://www.google.com", "https://rua.plus"];
let sites =
try_join_all(urls.map(|url| async move { reqwest::get(url).await.unwrap().text().await }))
.await
.unwrap();
sites.iter().for_each(|site| {
println!("{}", site.len());
});
}
在 fold
方法中使用 ?
fold
方法本身无法使用 ?
,但是 fold
还有另一个变体,可以允许直接使用 ?
:try_fold
。
https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Try.html
The ?
operator and try {}
blocks.
try_*
methods typically involve a type implementing this trait. For example, the closures passed to Iterator::try_fold
and Iterator::try_for_each
must return such a type.
Try
types are typically those containing two or more categories of values, some subset of which are so commonly handled via early returns that it’s worth providing a terse (but still visible) syntax to make that easy.
This is most often seen for error handling with Result
and Option
. The quintessential implementation of this trait is on ControlFlow
.
pub async fn regular_post() -> Result<BaiduZZ> {
let site = env::var("SPIO_SITE")?;
let token = env::var("SPIO_TOKEN")?;
let url = format!("{}?site={}&token={}", BAIDU_URL, site, token);
let now = Instant::now();
info!("starting get booths, request /admin/Apiview/sample_view");
let params = ExampleParam::default();
let examples = get_examples(¶ms).await?;
let urls = examples
.data
.list
.data
.iter()
.try_fold(vec![], build_booth_url)?
.join("\n");
info!("parse booth's url done {}ms", now.elapsed().as_millis());
let res: BaiduZZ = reqwest::Client::new()
.post(url)
.header(reqwest::header::CONTENT_TYPE, "text/plain")
.body(urls)
.send()
.await?
.json()
.await?;
Ok(res)
}
fn build_booth_url(prev: Vec<String>, cur: &BoothExamplesDatum) -> Result<Vec<String>> {
let url = Url::parse(cur.link.as_ref().unwrap_or(&PRODUCTION_URL.to_owned()));
let host = url?;
let host = host.host_str().ok_or(anyhow!("parse url failed"))?;
let booth_url = if host.contains("aiyunhuizhan") {
format!(
"https://{}/optimize/booth_id/{}",
host,
cur.booth_id
.as_ref()
.ok_or(anyhow!("cannot read booth id"))?
)
} else {
cur.link.to_owned().expect("")
};
anyhow::Ok([prev, vec![booth_url.to_string()]].concat())
}
同理,返回 std::ops::Try
的方法都能过使用 ?
。
use anyhow::anyhow;
fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
let data = [Some(123), Some(444), None];
data.iter().try_for_each(|x| {
let real_x = x.ok_or(anyhow!(""))?;
dbg!(real_x);
anyhow::Ok(())
})?;
Ok(())
}
传递 async funcation as paramters
use futures::Future;
#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
let num = test(calc).await;
println!("{num}");
}
async fn calc() -> i32 {
40 + 2
}
async fn test<F, Fut>(f: F) -> i32
where
F: FnOnce() -> Fut,
Fut: Future<Output = i32>,
{
f().await
}
BoxedFuture
pub type Response = BoxFuture<'static, (Status, Bytes)>;
type Job = fn(Request) -> Response;
type Routes = Arc<RwLock<HashMap<&'static str, HashMap<&'static str, Job>>>>;
Axum trailing slashes in route path
https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/discussions/2377
use axum::{extract::Request, Router, ServiceExt};
use tower::Layer;
use tower_http::normalize_path::NormalizePathLayer;
#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
let app = Router::new();
let app = NormalizePathLayer::trim_trailing_slash().layer(app);
let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:3000")
.await
.unwrap();
axum::serve(listener, ServiceExt::<Request>::into_make_service(app)) // <-- this
.await
.unwrap();
}